Computing running medians on a stream of numbers pops up in real-time analytics, financial tickers, and sensor dashboards. You need to support two operations—adding a number and retrieving the current median—both in sublinear time.

Combining multiple sorted streams into one sorted output is a classic challenge faced in database merge operations, log file aggregation, and external sorting. The “merge K sorted lists” problem tests your ability to coordinate multiple pointers, leverage priority data structures, and keep everything running in optimal time.